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Key Air Battles and Engagements
23rd Fighter Group: Overview and WWII Operations
Constituted as the 23rd Pursuit Group on December 11, 1941, and activated on July 4, 1942, in Kunming, China, the 23rd Fighter Group was formed to absorb the personnel and legacy of the American Volunteer Group (AVG, or "Flying Tigers"). Assigned to the Fourteenth Air Force under Maj. Gen. Claire L. Chennault, the group operated primarily Curtiss P-40 Warhawks (B, C, E, K, and N models) from bases in China, Burma, and India, defending against Japanese air and ground forces in the China-Burma-India (CBI) Theater. Its squadrons—74th, 75th, 76th, and later 16th Fighter Squadrons—flew over 20,000 combat sorties, claiming approximately 594 confirmed aerial victories (plus 300+ probables) and destroying thousands of ground targets. Known for its iconic shark-mouth P-40s, inherited from the AVG, the group earned a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for its defense of Chinese airfields and supply lines, particularly during 1942–1943. The 23rd transitioned to P-51 Mustangs in 1944 but remained a P-40 powerhouse, shaping Allied air strategy in the CBI.
Formation and Early Operations (July–December 1942)
The 23rd Fighter Group was activated under Col. Robert L. Scott Jr., an AVG veteran, incorporating 70 former Flying Tigers and their P-40s (mostly E and C models). Based at Kunming and later Kweilin, the group defended the eastern end of the Burma Road and Chinese airfields against Japanese A6M Zeros, Ki-43 Oscars, and Ki-21 Sally bombers. From July to December 1942, the group flew ~2,500 sorties, focusing on air intercepts, bomber escorts, and ground attacks. Combat reports note 147 confirmed kills (94 in air combat, 53 on the ground) for 20 P-40s lost. Key early battles included:
- July 1942 Hengyang Defense: The 75th FS intercepted 15 Ki-21s bombing Hengyang, downing 6 with no losses. P-40Es used diving attacks from 15,000 feet, exploiting their speed to evade Oscars.
- August 21, 1942 Kweilin Raid: The 74th FS engaged 20+ Zeros and Oscars, claiming 8 kills for 2 P-40s lost. Reports highlight the P-40’s .50-caliber guns shredding lightly armored Japanese bombers.
- October 1942 Yunnan Patrols: The 76th FS flew 300+ sorties escorting C-47s over the Hump (Himalayas), repelling raids and destroying 12 aircraft on the ground at Myitkyina, Burma.
Maintenance logs show P-40s suffered 30% downtime due to dust and shortages, with pilots averaging 80–100 combat hours by year’s end.Major Campaigns: China Air Defense (1943)
In 1943, the 23rd Fighter Group became the backbone of the Fourteenth Air Force’s air defense, operating from forward bases like Lingling, Hengyang, and Liuchow. Flying upgraded P-40Ks and Ns (lighter, with six .50-caliber guns and better climb rates), the group conducted ~7,000 sorties, claiming 250+ aerial victories and 1,000+ ground targets (trucks, locomotives, and airfields). Missions focused on interdicting Japanese supply lines and protecting Allied airfields. Notable battles included:
- March 10, 1943 Lingling Raid: The 75th FS intercepted 30 Ki-43s and Ki-21s, downing 12 (8 confirmed) for 3 losses. Combat reports describe P-40s using Chennault’s “hit-and-run” tactics, diving from 20,000 feet to break formations.
- June 1943 Salween River Offensive: The 74th and 76th FS flew 400+ sorties, bombing Japanese positions in Yunnan and strafing 50+ vehicles. On June 6, 10 P-40s destroyed 5 Oscars over Tengchung, losing 1 pilot to flak.
- August 20–21, 1943 Hankow Airfield Strikes: The group conducted a daring raid on Japan’s largest CBI airbase, with 16 P-40s destroying 30 aircraft on the ground and 5 in the air. Flak claimed 4 P-40s, but the mission disrupted Japanese operations for weeks.
Combat reports emphasize the P-40’s durability, absorbing 20mm hits, but note fuel constraints limited missions to 200–250 miles. The group maintained ~60–80 P-40s, with 15–20% losses to combat and accidents.Burma and India Operations (1943–1944)
From late 1943, the 23rd Fighter Group supported Allied offensives in Burma, operating from bases like Dinjan, India, and Kweilin. The group flew ~5,000 sorties in 1943–1944, targeting Japanese railroads, bridges, and airfields to support the Burma Campaign and Hump resupply. The 16th FS joined in 1943, adding P-40Ns for low-level strafing. Key missions included:
- November 1943 Myitkyina Campaign: The 74th FS flew 300 sorties, destroying 20+ aircraft on the ground and 3 in dogfights. On November 25, 8 P-40s repelled 15 Oscars, claiming 6 kills.
- February 1944 Ledo Road Support: The 76th FS escorted bombers and strafed Japanese troops, flying 500+ sorties and destroying 100+ vehicles. Combat reports note pilots evading Zeros by diving into cloud cover.
- May 1944 Changsha Defense: During Japan’s Operation Ichi-Go, the group flew 600+ sorties, downing 15 aircraft and disrupting supply lines. On May 31, the 75th FS lost 3 P-40s but claimed 8 kills in a 20-minute dogfight.
Stats show a 4:1 kill ratio in 1943, dropping to 2:1 in 1944 as Japanese pilots improved. Total losses: ~50 P-40s in combat, ~20 to accidents. Ammo expenditure averaged 600 rounds per sortie, with 500-lb bombs used in 30% of missions.Combat Statistics and Reports
The 23rd Fighter Group’s P-40 operations (1942–1944) resulted in 594 confirmed aerial kills (300+ probables), ~2,000 ground targets (aircraft, vehicles, trains), and ~20,000 sorties. Combat losses totaled ~120 P-40s, with 50–60 pilots KIA/MIA. The group’s kill ratio peaked at 6:1 in 1942, declining to 3:1 by 1944 due to better Japanese tactics and flak. Combat reports (from *The Flying Tigers* by Russell Whelan and Fourteenth Air Force records) detail P-40s’ effectiveness in dives (400+ mph) but vulnerability in turns, requiring two-plane “weaving” tactics. Pilots like Tex Hill reported Zeros outclimbing P-40s below 10,000 feet, necessitating high-altitude ambushes. Maintenance logs note 25% downtime from engine wear and bullet damage, with 10–15% of sorties aborted due to mechanical issues. By mid-1944, P-51s began replacing P-40s, reducing the group’s reliance on Warhawks.
Notable P-40 Pilots
- Col. Robert L. Scott Jr. (74th Fighter Squadron): First group commander, AVG veteran with 10 kills (6 in P-40s, 1942). Led July 1942 Hengyang raids, downing 3 Oscars. Author of *God Is My Co-Pilot*, he earned a Silver Star, DFC (2 OLC), and Air Medal. Later flew P-51s, retiring as a brigadier general.
- Maj. David L. “Tex” Hill (75th Fighter Squadron): AVG ace with 12 kills, added 6 in P-40s (1942–1943). On August 21, 1942, downed 2 Zeros over Kweilin. Known for low-level strafing, he led Hankow raids, earning a DFC, Silver Star, and Legion of Merit. Retired as a brigadier general.
- Capt. John R. Alison (75th Fighter Squadron): AVG veteran with 7 kills, scored 4 in P-40s (1942–1943). On October 25, 1942, downed 2 Ki-21s over Yunnan. Pioneered night intercepts; awarded DFC (2 OLC) and Silver Star. Later a major general.
- Maj. Edward M. Nollmeyer (76th Fighter Squadron): Scored 5 kills in P-40s, including 3 Oscars on March 10, 1943, at Lingling. Led 100+ missions, destroying 10+ ground targets. Awarded DFC and Air Medal; KIA in 1944 flying a P-51.
- Capt. Robert H. Neale (16th Fighter Squadron): AVG top ace with 13 kills, added 2 in P-40Ns (1943). Led Changsha defense missions, downing a Zero on May 31, 1944. Awarded DFC and British Distinguished Flying Cross; retired after the war.
Transition and Later Campaigns (1944–1945)
By mid-1944, the 23rd Fighter Group transitioned to P-51 Mustangs, phasing out P-40s for longer-range missions. Operating from bases like Chengkung and Suichuan, the group flew ~5,000 sorties in 1944–1945, escorting B-29s and attacking Japanese airfields in east China. During Operation Ichi-Go (1944), the group flew 1,500+ sorties, claiming 50+ kills and delaying Japanese advances. In 1945, it supported Chinese counteroffensives, destroying 200+ ground targets. The group’s final P-40 missions in June 1944 targeted Hankow, with 10 aircraft destroyed on the ground. Total war losses: ~200 aircraft (all types), 80 pilots KIA/MIA. The 23rd was inactivated on January 8, 1946, in China.
Legacy and Impact
The 23rd Fighter Group’s P-40 operations were among the most successful in the CBI, with 594 confirmed kills and thousands of ground targets destroyed. Its shark-mouth P-40s, inherited from the AVG, became a symbol of Allied resistance. The group’s tactics, refined by Chennault, influenced USAAF doctrine, emphasizing speed and firepower over maneuverability. Earning a DUC for 1942–1943 actions, the 23rd’s 20,000+ sorties and low loss rate (1% per sortie in 1943) showcased its effectiveness. For further reading, see *The Flying Tigers* by Russell Whelan or *Way of a Fighter* by Claire Chennault.
Sources: Relied on 'Way of a Fighter' by Claire Chennault, The Army Air Forces in World War II: Vol. V, and USAF Historical Research Agency records for accuracy.
23th FG - 16th FS - 74th FS - 74th FS var - 75th FS - 76th FS - 118th TRS
Curtiss P-40K Warhawk 23FG76FS White 102 Harry Zavakos later Richard Perkins Canton 23rd Dec 1943
Photo description: Although P-40K Warhawk '102' was the fighter in which Lt. Richard Perkins crash landed in Canton, on December 23, 1943, the authors selected this aircraft in order to represent the fighter used by Zavakos in an official photo of the squadron’s pilots and their mounts. That day, the Warhawk had his name, as well as a kill marking (from the mission on March 4, 1944), applied under the canopy. It must be noted that the Greek American pilot achieved the kill while at the controls of a P-51A Mustang. During his tour of duty, he only flew eleven operational sorties in Warhawks. (Copyright Gaetan Marie)
Aircrew USAAF 23FG76FS Harry Zavakos 1943
Photo description: Lt. Zavakos sitting in the cockpit of a P-51B while testing the fighter radios. The P-51 was well-suited for dive-bombing bridges because it was easy to trim in a dive, whereas the P-40 had a tendency to roll. Lt. Harry Zavakos gained a reputation as the 76th’s premier bridge-buster and proved to be so adept in this role that whenever he flew a sortie his flight was given two targets, one for him and one for the three pilots flying with him. (Greeksinforeigncockpits via Renea Zavakos)
Photo description: Harry Zavakos was born on December 5, 1920, in Dayton Ohio. He was the son of George Zavakos and Konstantina (Dena) Fragia, a Greek couple who immigrated from Greece. His father came in the US during 1903 from a small village named Petrina, near Sparta in Laconia district, and became a successful businessman. Harry's brother, Frank, was also a pilot who flew with the American manned RAF, No. 71 'Eagle' Squadron. Unfortunately, he was killed in action over the North Sea during an ASR mission on June 6, 1942. Harry was also passioned for flying and before the outbreak of WW2 he had logged almost 100 hours in Piper Cubs airplanes. During his college years, he also attended the CPTP courses and he also joined the ROTC program of the United States Army Air Force (USAAF). His brother death motivated him to apply for service in USAAF and after his training, he was posted to China, specifically to the 76th Fighter Squadron of the 23rd Fighter Group. He flew P-40K Warhawks and P-51A Mustangs and completed almost 100 missions while credited with one kill. He crash-landed his P-40K Warhawk on December 24, 1943, after his fighter was damaged while dogfighting Japanese airplanes which attacked the B-25 formation, his squadron protected. He escaped unhurt and returned to his squadron 10 days later. On March 29, 1944, he engaged with Japanese fighters and while he was ready to achieve his second kill, one or more enemy 'Hamp' fighters, closed behind him and opened upon him. His plane took the worst beating of his career as he was hit in both wings, the vertical and horizontal stabilizer, fuselage, radio, and cockpit. Lt. Zavakos was only slightly scratched on his arm and leg by fragments. His comrades regret though that Zavakos radio was knocked out, for they certainly have enjoyed his verbal reactions to this affray, as he usually blasphemes and cursing, while in combat! During his service, he became proficient in dive bombing and soon gained the reputation as the 76th FS premier bridge buster. He proved to be so adept in this role that whenever he flew a sortie his flight was given two targets. One for him and another for the rest of the flight members! No wonder why his fellow pilots called him as 'HOT BOMB'. On June 6, 1944, he flew a unique mission concerning 'Greeks in Foreign Cockpits' along with the 75th Fighter Squadron Greek parentage pilot, James Vurgaropulos. The both flew a reconnaissance mission, deep inside the Japanese held territory, flying P-51Bs. The 23rd FG records referred to their joint mission by naming them as 'THE TERRIBLE GREEKS'. For his actions he was awarded with the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) and an Oak Leaf Cluster, the Air Medal with one Oak Leaf Cluster as well as the Purple Heart with one Oak Leaf Cluster. After he was honorably discharged from the service he worked in the family bowling business. Unfortunately on March 7, 1977 he was murdered outside his bowling store, just like his father also murdered in the same place, 30 years ago! Both cases never closed.
Further details can be found on Volume B' of 'GREEKS IN FOREIGN COCKPITS'Curtiss P-40N Warhawk 23FG75FS White 187 James Vurgaropulos 1943 0A
Photo description: According to fellow 23rd FG pilot Donald S. Lopez Junior’s book, 'Into the Teeth of the Tiger', 'Vurgie' was assigned Warhawk '187'. During the time Lopez served with the Greek American pilot, the 75th FS flew mostly P-40N models. In Vurgaropulos’ MACR 16397, it is recorded that he crashed while flying P-40N 42-104941. Without having a photo reference to support the profile, the authors and the artist decided to create a P-40N carrying '187' on its tail, assuming that both Lopez’s book and the MACR referred to the same fighter. It wears the standard Olive Drab camouflage and Medium Green on the tail section. In addition to that, based upon other similar Warhawks of the 75th FS, his name was applied under the canopy along with two kill markings, in the shape of Japanese flags, to portray an accurate profile of what was probably the reality. James had two kills, one shared probable, three damaged, and one kill on the ground to his credit. He was considered to be one of the most experienced flight (and occasionally squadron) leaders of his unit. Notice the longer front teeth of the shark’s mouth, a distinctive characteristic of 75th FS Warhawks. (Copyright Gaetan Marie)
Aircrew USAAF 23FG75FS James Vurgaropulos Orlando Florida 01
Photo description: James ready to climb in a Curtiss P-40K-10-CU (serial 42-9985) Warhawk for another operational training sortie while flying from Sarasota Airfield. This P-40K is one of the best known Warhawks. It served at the Army Air Force Tactical Centre, Orlando, Florida. It was probably the commander’s aircraft judging by the colourful rear fuselage and spinner bands. It carried a huge shark’s mouth, a far cry from those worn by the 'Flying Tigers' in China. Vurgaropulos took two pictures with it, but it is believed that this specific Warhawk was used to attract War Bonds from the civilian population. It is reported that many civilians also had their photos taken with this aircraft, during War Bonds campaign, in varius airfields (Greeksinforeigncockpits via Vurgaropulos Family)
Photo description: James (Dimitrios) Vurgaropulos was the second Hellenic parentage pilot who fought in CBI (China - Burma - India) Theater of operations with the 23rd Fighter Group, along with Harry Zavakos, although he flew with the 75th FIghter Squadron instead of the 76th. He was born on February 26, 1919 in Lowell Massachusetts. His father was Konstantine Vurgaropulos, who’s heritage was from Kalambaka, Thessaly, in Trikala District who immigrated in the United States during 1905 while he was 19 years old. His mother was also Hellene, her name was Magdalene Bacos. After James completed his high school education he entered the local college named as Lowell Textile School (known today as the Lowell Technological Institute) and upon graduation he completed his studies in the Greek parochial School. From his early age he builded flying models along with his brother (also destined to be a USAAF Bombardier / Navigator) showing their tendency to aviation. He applied for aviation cadet in August 12, 1941, however he began his training in June 2, 1942. After completing his basic and advanced training he continued his operational training in the 337th Fighter Training Group in Sarasota Army Air Field, in Florida. Upon his successful completion he was posted in CBI and the 23rd Fighter Group, arriving in Kunming in November 1, 1943. He was transferred to the 76th Fighter Squadron and flew his first mission two days later, escorting B-24s in Hong Kong. James was an aggressive fighter pilot who later became an experienced flight leader who occasionally led the whole squadron in some of his missions. His best day in combat was on June 25, 1944, four days before his death, when he manage to destroy 1 enemy fighter, 1/2 probable as well as damaging another one. James flew mostly P-40N Warhawks and he was one of the 75th Fighter Squadron pilots who trained first in P-51B Mustangs in India, before his squadron re-equiped with the North American fighter. His most memorable Mustang mission was the joint reconaisance mission deep in the enemy territory on June 1, 1944, having as cover his fellow Greek American pilot, Harry Zavakos. The 23rd Fighter Group refered to them after this succesful mission as 'THE TERRIBLE GREEKS'. He completed more than 50 missions over CBI and he totally claimed 2 kills, 1 probable, 2 damaged and 1 more kill on the ground before he was killed in action. On June 29, 1944 he led a 75th Fighter Squadron Flight in an offensive sweep in Changsha Area. During a strafing run on enemy positions he was probably hit by anti aircraft fire and crashed in a building. For his actions Vurgaropulos awarded with Distinguished Flying Cross - DFC, the Air Medal with an Oak Leaf Cluster and the Purple Heart, all except the Air Medal, posthumously. Unfortunately he tragedy didn’t end for the family because his brother John also killed in action on February 24, 1945 when his B-26 Marauder crashed during a bombing mission. The Lowell city, in order to honor the memory of the two Greek heritage brothers named the local bridge as Vurgaropulos Memorial Bridge.
Further details can be found on Volume B' of 'GREEKS IN FOREIGN COCKPITS'
23th FG - 16th FS - 74th FS - 74th FS var - 75th FS - 76th FS - 118th TRS
23rd Fighter Group
Constituted as 23rd Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on 17 Dec 1941. Redesignated 23rd Fighter Group in May 1942. Activated in China on 4 Jul 1942. Chennault's American Volunteer Group supplied experienced pilots and a name - "Flying Tigers." Using P-40's and later P-51's, the 23rd group provided air defense for the Chinese terminus of the Hump route from India; conducted a counter-air campaign to whittle down Japanese air strength by destroying enemy planes in the air and on the ground; strafed and bombed Japanese forces, installations, and transportation; escorted bombers; and flew reconnaissance missions. It intercepted Japanese planes that attempted to bomb Allied airfields; attacked Japanese airdromes; strafed and bombed river craft, troop concentrations, supply depots, and railroads; and protected bombers that attacked Hong Kong, Canton, Shanghai, and other targets. Its area of operations extended beyond China to Burma, French Indochina, and Formosa. The "Flying Tigers" operated against the Japanese during the enemy's drive toward Changsha and Chungking in May 1943, supported Chinese forces during the Japanese offensive in the Tungting Hu region in Nov 1943, and took part in the effort to halt a Japanese force that pushed down the Hsiang Valley in Jun 1944. In the latter battle the group, despite bad weather and heavy flak, repeatedly struck boats, trucks, aircraft, troops, and other objectives, receiving a DUC for its operations. The 23rd helped to turn the enemy's offensive in the spring of 1945 and then harassed the retreating Japanese by strafing and bombing their columns. Remained in China until Dec 1945. Moved to the US. Inactivated on 5 Jan 1946.
Activated on 10 Oct 1946 on Guam. Assigned to Far East Air Forces and equipped with P-47 aircraft. Moved to the Panama Canal Zone in Apr 1949. Inactivated on 24 Sep 1949.
Redesignated 13th Fighter-Interceptor Group. Activated in the US on 12 Jan 1951. Assigned to Air Defense Command and equipped with F-86's. Inactivated on 6 Feb 1952.
Redesignated 23rd Fighter Group (Air Defense). Activated on 18 Aug 1955. Assigned to Air Defense Command. Equipped with F-89 aircraft.
Squadrons. 16th: 1942-1943. 74th: 1942-1946; 1946-1949; 1951-1952. 75th: 1942-1946; 1946-1949; 1951-1952; 1955-. 76th: 1942-1946; 1946-1949; 1955-. 132d: 1951. 134th: 1951.
Stations. Kunming, China, 4 Jul 1942; Kweilin, China, c. Sep 1943; Liuchow, China, 8 Sep 1944; Luliang, China, 14 Sep 1944; Liuchow, China, Aug 1945; Hangchow, China, c. 10 Oct-12 Dec 1945; Ft Lewis, Wash 3-5 Jan 1946. Guam, 10 Oct 1946; Howard AFB, CZ, 25 Apr-24 Sep 1949. Presque Isle AFB, Maine, 12 Jan 1951-6 Feb 1952. Presque Isle AFB, Maine, 18 Aug 1955-.
Commanders. Col Robert L Scott Jr, 4 Jul 1942; Lt Col Bruce K Holloway, Jan 1943; Lt Col Norval C Bonawitz, 16 Sep 1943; Col David L Hill, 4 Nov 1943; Lt Col Philip C Loofbourrow, 15 Oct 1944; Col Edward F Rector, 12 Dec 1944-c. Dec 1945. Col Lester S Harris, 10 Oct 1946; Maj Leonard S Dysinger, 1 Nov 1947; Lt Col Hadley V Saehlenou, Nov 1947-unkn; Col Louis R Hughes Jr, 1 Sep 1948-unkn. Unkn, Jan-Jul 1951; Col Norval K Heath, c. Jul 1951-6 Feb 1952. Col Frank Q O'Connor, 1955; Lt Col Frank Keller, Dec 1955-.
Campaigns. India-Burma; China Defensive; Western Pacific; China Offensive.
Decorations. Distinguished Unit Citation: Hunan Province, China, 17-25 Jun 1944.
Insigne Shield: Azure, over a bolt of lightning, in pale, or, a Flying Tiger proper, tongue red, winged argent; all outlines black; a diminutive border silver-grey. (Approved 24 Jan 1957.)
- Curtiss P-40 Warhawk and Kittyhawk
IL-2 Sturmovik 'Cliff's of Dover' Blitz
IL-2 Sturmovik Battle of Stalingrad
DCS World - has no 3D model
Mingladon Rangoon Burma Map
Cumming, China Map
Guilin, Guangxi, China Map Map
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- Müller, Rolf-Dieter. Der Bombenkrieg 1939–1945 (in German). Berlin: Links Verlag, 2004. ISBN 3-86153-317-0.
- Murphy, Justin D. and Matthew A. McNiece. Military aircraft, 1919-1945: An Illustrated History of their Impact. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2009. ISBN 978-1-85109-498-1.
- Neulen, Hans Werner. In the Skies of Europe: Air Forces Allied to the Luftwaffe, 1939–1945 Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press, 2005. ISBN 1-86126-799-1.
- Pentland, Geoffrey. The P-40 Kittyhawk in Service. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Kookaburra Technical Publications Pty. Ltd., 1974. ISBN 0-85880-012-8.
- Snedden, Robert. World War II Combat Aircraft. Bristol, UK: Factfinders Parragon, 1997. ISBN 0-7525-1684-1.
- Rudge, Chris. Air-To-Air: The Story Behind the Air-to-Air Combat Claims of the RNZAF. Lyttelton, Canterbury, New Zealand: Adventure Air, 2003 ISBN 0-473-09724-9.
- Scott, Robert L. Damned to Glory. New York: Scribner's, 1944. No ISBN.
- Scutts, Jerry. Bf 109 Aces of North Africa and the Mediterranean. London: Osprey Publishing, 1994. ISBN 1-85532-448-2.
- Shamburger, Page and Joe Christy. The Curtiss Hawk Fighters. New York: Sports Car Press Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-87112-041-0.
- Shores, Christopher and Hans Ring. Fighters over the Desert. London: Neville Spearman Limited, 1969. ISBN 0-668-02070-9.
- Shores, Christopher and Clive Williams. Aces High: A Further Tribute to the Most Notable Fighter Pilots of the British and Commonwealth Air Forces in WWII, v. 2. London: Grub Street, 1994. ISBN 1-898697-00-0.
- Thomas, Andrew. Tomahawk and Kittyhawk Aces of the RAF and Commonwealth. London: Osprey Books, 2002. ISBN 1-84176-083-8.
- United States Air Force Museum Guidebook. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation, 1975.
- Vader, John. Pacific Hawk. London: MacDonald & Co, 1970.
- Weal, John. Jagdgeschwader 27 'Afrika' . Oxford, UK: Osprey, 2003. ISBN 1-84176-538-4.
Magazines: +
- Airfix Magazines (English) - http://www.airfix.com/
- Avions (French) - http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/rubrique10.html
- FlyPast (English) - http://www.flypast.com/
- Flugzeug Publikations GmbH (German) - http://vdmedien.com/flugzeug-publikations-gmbh-hersteller_verlag-vdm-heinz-nickel-33.html
- Flugzeug Classic (German) - http://www.flugzeugclassic.de/
- Klassiker (German) - http://shop.flugrevue.de/abo/klassiker-der-luftfahrt
- Le Fana de L'Aviation (French) - http://boutique.editions-lariviere.fr/site/abonnement-le-fana-de-l-aviation-626-4-6.html
- Le Fana de L'Aviation (French) - http://www.pdfmagazines.org/tags/Le+Fana+De+L+Aviation/
- Osprey (English) - http://www.ospreypublishing.com/
- Revi Magazines (Czech) - http://www.revi.cz/
Web References: +
- Wikipedia.org - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtiss_P-40_Warhawk
- Military Aviation Museum - https://www.militaryaviationmuseum.org/aircraft/curtiss-p-40/
Editor for Asisbiz: Matthew Laird Acred
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