PTO - Pacific Theater Operations - 3rd Bombardment Group B-25 Mitchell photo gallery

 5AF 3BG8BS Grim Reapers destroy a Jap aircraft at Kamiri South Sulawesi Indonesia 21st May 1944 NA318

Photo description: A Japanese airplane burns furiously on the airdrome at Kamiri, Netherlands East Indies, after an attack by planes of the 3rd Bombardment Group, 8th Bombardment Squadron, 5th Air Force on May 21, 1944. (U.S. Air Force Number 3A32047)

Photo Source: National Archives Identifier NAID: 204954021 Local ID: 342-FH-3A32047-3A32047

Pappy Gunn and his strafers

USAAF 5AF 3BG pilot Paul Irvin Gunn

Article by Eduard 2139 Page 02

Paul Irvin Gunn became a legend among airmen and troops in the Pacific during World War II. "Pappy", as they called him, was a brilliant pilot and technical innovator. He created a completely new category of attack aircraft: the heavily armed twin-engined aircraft with massive firepower.

Paul Irvin Gunn was born in the small town of Quitman, Arkansas, in 1899 and was already a skilled mechanic when the United States entered World War I. He enlisted in the Navy, where he became an aircraft mechanic. After the war he was learning to fly on his own time while continuing his military service. When his enlistment in the Navy ended in 1923, he was told that if he would reenlist, he would be assigned to a new aviation program. Shortly after his training, he became a member of the VF-1 High Hats fighter squadron (now VFA-1A Tophatters) and was soon considered one of the finest pilots in the US Navy. He subsequently passed on his skills to many future fighter aces in Pensacola.

From the mechanic to the pilot

By the time USA found themselves in World War II, Gunn had retired from the Navy and had moved to Philippines where he was operating a small airline. Immediately after the USA entered the war, he started to evacuate American citizens from the Philippines to Australia and was subsequently called up into the ranks of the U.S. Army with the rank of captain. He was put in charge of a small transport unit and carried on with the same missions. Gunn flew his personal Twin Beech tirelessly and, on several occasions, found himself being attacked by Japanese fighters. He was shot down over the jungle on one of the missions but managed to return to his unit. During these low-altitude flights, he thought several times what damage a plane armed with multiple machine guns would be able to do if it suddenly emerged over enemy positions. When it became apparent the Philippines would fall, Gunn with his unit continued with missions from Australia. After the Air Transport Command was established in early 19A2 for Far East region, Gunn was appointed commander of it. The new air arm received Douglas DC-3s, including Army C-A7s and C-53s, as well as a trio of B-2A Liberators converted to transport aircraft. With these aircraft, Gunn's men and himself made countless supply and transport flights. His knowledge of the Pacific was extraordinary, which is why he was also given command of the P-AO formation to Java. He stayed there for a time and became involved in combat operations. During one of them, he was shot down again, and his hair temporarily turned white during the stay in the jungle. Together with his age (he was A3 years old at the time), this led to the nickname "Pappy".

Turning bombers to strafers

When in Australia, Pappy Gunn had previously met Lieutenant Colonel James Davies, a dive-bomber pilot and commander of the 27th Bombardment Group. This unit had been disbanded after the defeat in Java, and part of its personnel formed 3rd Attack Group, awaiting new Douglas A-20 medium bombers. Until their arrival they had to keep fighting with A-2A Dauntless dive-bombers. After his return from Java, Gunn continued to fly transport missions from Australia, but also spent much of his spare time hanging out with 3rd AG and helping the mechanics. During a flight to Melbourne, Pappy spotted a couple of dozen brand-new B-25 Mitchells, sitting on the airfield he was flying over. He landed to check them out and he found these were aircraft supposed to be delivered to the Netherlands East Indies Air Force. But, after the defeat at Java, the NEAF was practically non-existent, so Pappy told Davies he had "found" new B-25s with no one to fly them. He persuaded his friend to contact Colonel Eubanks, Commander of the Far Eastern Bomber Command, to authorize the transfer of these aircraft to the 3rd AG. This was eventually accomplished, and Pappy personally took charge of preparing the B-25s for combat missions.

The 3rd AG conducted its first combat mission with the B-25s on April 5,19A2, when they attacked the Japanese airfield at Gasmata. Subsequently, Gunn was officially transferred to this unit and the group used its Mitchells with great success. During April they also began to take delivery of A-20s. When Pappy inspected them, he immediately started to persuade Davies to install .50 machine guns in the nose instead of the bombardier's place. There were plenty of these machine guns in Australia available from destroyed fighters, and Gunn promptly prepared the technical groundwork for mounting six of them in the aircraft - four in the nose and one each on the port and starboard side of the fuselage. He was just working with mechanics to modify the A-20 when General George C. Kenney visited for an inspection. He was impressed by Pappy's modifications, and immediately asked him to design hangers for the small 60 lb (27 kg) caliber fragmentation bombs he had designed himself before the war. Kenney figured he had met a great technical innovator and had him transferred to his staff as soon as the installation of the machine guns on the A-20 was completed.

Modified A-20s were doing great, so Pappy's attention shifted to the B-25. He modified them in a similar fashion to the A-20. The bigger fuselage and more power allowed the installation of as many as four machine guns on the fuselage sides, with up to eight ones in the nose. General Kenney picked the 90th BS to test the modified Mitchells and placed Major Ed Lamer in command of the unit.

In early March 19A3, the modified B-25s and A-20s distinguished themselves during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea. Their actions were described by U.S. Navy historian Samuel Eliot Morison as "The most devastating aircraft attack against ships." Twelve transport vessels were sunk in two days, as well as four escort destroyers. After this event, the name of Pappy Gunn became well known even to the War Department in Washington and the head of the Army Air Corps, General Henry H. Arnold wished to get him to the States to work with engineers at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. But General Kenney agreed to only a temporary stay, so Pappy Gunn showed the Army engineers, as well as the designers at North American Aviation, the company that produced the B-25, how to make a proper "Strafer" from the Mitchell. In return, he was presented a B-25 with a 75mm gun installed right at the factory.

Gunn tested these aircraft directly in combat shortly after his return to Australia and suggested several changes and modifications. However, these "Air Artillery" Mitchells were not very effective, and many of them eventually underwent conversion to a machine-gun nose, much like the conventional bombers with a glass nose. After field modifications, which varied in detail from bomber group to bomber group, a standardized version was produced, either supplied to the bomber groups' technical departments or installed right at the factory.

End of the war

Pappy Gunn was a respected and popular companion with enlisted men and officers both on the ground and in combat. He was also looked on as a hero, and a hero he truly was. The war ended for him after he was seriously wounded by fragments of a phosphorus bomb during the bombing of the airfield at Tacloban. He was taken to a hospital in Australia where he remained in convalescence until the end of the war.

Although Pappy Gunn was renowned for his stories, which often entertained the company, he was tormented by concern for his family. His wife and children had fallen to the Japanese hands at the beginning of the war. When Americans landed on Luzon, General Douglas MacArthur personally ordered 1st Cavalry Division to liberate the Santo Thomas internment camp where the Gunn family was being held. Two weeks later, he put them on a plane and sent them to see their father and husband, who had become a legend during the three years of separation.

After the war, Pappy Gunn returned to the Philippines and continued flying for Philippine Air Lines and for his own charter company. His main customer was the US government. While trying to avoid a tropical storm during a flight on October 11,1957, he crashed fatally. His remains were flown to the US and buried in the US Navy Cemetery at Pensacola Air Force Base.

3rd Bombardment Group

Organized as Army Surveillance Group on 1 Jul 1919. Redesignated 1st Surveillance Group in Aug 1919. Used DH-4B's to patrol the border from Brownsville, Tex, to Nogales, Ariz, until 1921. Redesignated 3d Attack Groupin 1921, and 3rd Bombardment Group (Light) in 1939. Equipped with O-1, O-2, A-5, A-12, A-17, A-18, A-20, A-24, and other aircraft, 1921-1941. Trained, participated in maneuvers, tested new equipment, experimented with tactics, flew in aerial reviews, patrolled the Mexican border (1929), and carried air mail (1934). Furnished personnel for and helped to train new organizations, 1939-1941.

Moved to Australia early in 1942 and became part of Fifth AF. Redesignated 3rd Bombardment Group (Dive) in Sep 1942, and 3rd Bombardment Group (Light) in May 1943. Served in combat from 1 Apr 1942 until V-J Day. Used A-20, A-24, and B-25 aircraft for operations.

The group had its headquarters in Australia until Jan 1943, but its squadrons operated from New Guinea, bombing and strafing enemy airfields, supply lines, installations, and shipping as the Allies halted the Japanese drive toward Port Moresby and drove the enemy back from Buna to Lae. At the end of that campaign in Jan 1943, headquarters moved to New Guinea. For the next year and a half the group continued to serve in the Southwest Pacific, where it played an important role in the offensives in which the Allies pushed along the northern coast of New Guinea, taking Salamaua, Lae, Hollandia, Wakde, Biak, and Noemfoor. In Mar 1943 it took part in the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, which ended Japanese attempts to send convoys to Lae. In Aug 1943, when Fifth AF struck airfields at Wewak to neutralize Japanese airpower that threatened the advance of Allied forces in New Guinea, the group made an attack in the face of intense antiaircraft fire on 17 Aug, destroyed or damaged many enemy planes, and won a DUC for the mission. In the fall of 1943 the group struck Japanese naval and air power at Rabaul to support the assaults on Bougainville and New Britain. In an attack on shipping at Simpson Harbor, New Britain, on 2 Nov 1943, the 3rd group encountered heavy opposition from enemy fighters and from antiaircraft batteries on the ships. In that attack Maj Raymond H Wilkins, commander of the 8th squadron, sank two ships before he was shot down as he deliberately drew the fire of a destroyer so that other planes of his squadron could withdraw safely - an action for which Maj Wilkins was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor. The group moved to the Philippines late in 1944. Equipped with A-20's, it bombed and strafed airfields; supported ground forces on Mindoro, Luzon, and Mindanao; attacked industries and railways on Formosa; and struck shipping along the China coast. Moved to Okinawa early in Aug 1945 and flew some missions to Japan before the war ended. Moved to Japan in Sep 1945 and, as part of Far East Air Forces, became part of the army of occupation.

Served in combat in the Korean War from 27 Jun 1950 until the armistice on 27 Jul 1953. Operated first from Japan and later from Korea, using B-26 aircraft. Flew most of its missions at night to attack such targets as airfields, vehicles, and railways. Capt John S Walmsley Jr was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions on 14 Sep 1944: flyding a night mission in a B-26, Capt Walmsley discovered and attacked an enemy supply train, and after exhausting his ammunition he flew at low altitude to direct other aircraft to the same objective; the train was destroyed but Walmsley's plane crashed in the target area. The group returned to Japan in 1954. Redesignated 3rd Bombardment Group (Tactical) in Oct 1955.

Squadrons. 8th: 1919-. 12th: 1919-1921. 13th (formerly 104th): 1919-1924; 1929-. 26th: 1921-1929. 51st: 1935-1936. 89th (formerly 10th): 1941-1946. 90th: 1919-.

Stations. Kelly Field, Tex, 1 Jul 1919; Ft Bliss, Tex, 12 Nov 1919; Kelly Field, Tex, 2 Jul 1921; Ft Crockett, Tex, 1 Jul 1926; Barksdale Field, La, 28 Feb 1935; Savannah, Ga, 6 Oct 1940-19 Jan 1942; Brisbane, Australia, 25 Feb 1942; Charters Towers, Australia, 10 Mar 1942; Port Moresby, New Guinea, 28 Jan 1943; Dobodura, New Guinea, 20 May 1943; Nadzab, New Guinea, 3 Feb 1944; Hollandia, New Guinea, 12 May 1944; Dulag, Leyte, 16 Nov 1944; San Jose, Mindoro, c. 30 Dec 1944; Okinawa, 6 Aug 1945; Atsugi, Japan, c. 8 Sep 1945; Yokota, Japan, 1 Sep 1946; Johnson AB, Japan, c. 15 Mar 1950; Iwakuni, Japan, 1 Jul 1950; Kunsan, Korea, 22 Aug 1951; Johnson AB, Japan, c. 5 Oct 1954-.

Commanders. Maj B B Butler, 1 Jul 1919; Maj William G Schauffler Jr, 1 Sep 1919; Lt Col Henry B Clagett, 27 Sep 1919; Maj Leo A Walton, 20 Nov 1919; Maj Leo G Heffernan, 10 Oct 1921; Lt Col Seth W Cook, 22 Aug 1922; Maj Lewis H Brereton, 5 Feb 1923; Maj Harvey B S Burwell, 25 Jun 1924; Capt Joseph H Davidson, Feb 1926; Maj Frank D Lackland, 26 Jun 1926; Maj John H Jouett, 15 Aug 1928; Maj Davenport Johnson, 27 Feb 1930; Lt Col Horace M. Hickam, 18 Jun 1932; Lt Col Earl L Naiden, 5 Nov 1934; Col A Rader, Jul 1937; Maj O S Ferson, Aug 1938; Col John C McDonnell, Sep 1938; Lt Col R G Breen, Nov 1940; Lt Col Paul L Williams, Dec 1940; Lt Col Phillips Melville, 18 Aug 1941; 1st Lt Robert F Strickland, 19 Jan 1942; Col John H Davies, 2 Apr 1942; Lt Col Robert F Strickland, 26 Oct 1942; Maj Donald P Hall, 28 Apr 1943; Lt Col James A Downs, 20 Oct 1943; Col John P Henebry, 7 Nov 1943; Lt Col Richard H Ellis, 27 Jun 1944; Col John P Henebry, 30 Oct 1944; Col Richard H Ellis, 28 Dec 1944; Col Charles W Howe, 1 May 1945; Lt Col James E Sweeney, 7 Dec 1945; Maj L B Weigold, c. 7 Feb 1946; Col Edward H Underhill, 23 Apr 1946; Lt Col John P Crocker, 3 Jan 1947; Col Edward H Underhill, 28 Mar 1947; Col James R Gunn Jr, 2 Jun 1947; Lt Col Joseph E Payne, 27 Sep 1948; Col Donald L Clark, 3 Jan 1950; Lt Col Leland A Walker, Jr, 5 Aug 1950; Col Henry C Brady, 17 Oct 1950; Col Chester H Morgan, 4 Jan 1952; Col William G Moore, 17 Jan 1952; Col Sherman R Beaty, 1952; Col John G Napier, 1 Apr 1953; Col Straughan D Kelsey, 22 Jul 1953; Col William H Matthews, 18 Aug 1953; Col Sam L Barr, 2 Feb 1954; Col Rufus H Holloway, 21 Sep 1954; Lt Col William D Miner, 9 Jun 1955; Lt Col Charles E Mendel, 25 Jul 1955; Col Rufus H Holloway, 17 Aug 1955-.

Campaigns. World War II: East Indies; Air Offensive, Japan; China Defensive; Papua; New Guinea; Bismarck Archipelago; Western Pacific; Leyte; Luzon; China Offensive. Korean War: UN Defensive; UN Offensive; CCF Intervention; 1st UN Counteroffensive; CCF Spring Offensive; UN Summer-Fall Offensive; Second Korean Winter; Korea Summer-Fall, 1952; Third Korean Winter; Korea Summer-Fall, 1953.

Decorations.

Distinguished Unit Citations: Papua, 23 Jul 1942-23 Jan 1943; New Guinea, 17 Aug 1943; Korea, 27 Jun-31 Jul 1950; Korea, 22 Apr-8 Jul 1951; Korea, 1 May-27 Jul 1953. Philippine Presidential Unit Citation. Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation: 27 Jun-31 Jul 1950.

Insigne Shield: Party per bend vert and sable in chief a cactus (prickly pear) or, a bend azure fimbriated of the third, all within a bordure argent charged with nineteen crosses patee of the second. Crest: On a wreath of the colors an arm couped near the shoulder paleways with hand clenched proper between two wings conjoined in lure argent. Motto: Non Solum Armis - Not by Arms Alone. (Approved 17 Jan 1922. This insigne was modified 22 Dec 1952.)

 

Fifth Air Force

3d Bombardment Group

Fifth Air Force (SW Pacific), 1942-1944 - Australia, New Guinea, Netherlands East Indies, Philippines

8th Bombardment Squadron

13th Bombardment Squadron

90th Bombardment Squadron

  • Transitioned to A-20 Havoc, late 1944
  • 22d Bombardment Group

    Fifth Air Force (SW Pacific), 1942-1944 - Australia, New Guinea, Philippines

    2d Bombardment Squadron

    18th Bombardment Squadron

    19th Bombardment Squadron

    33d Bombardment Squadron

  • Transitioned to B-24 Liberator, Jan 1944
  • 38th Bombardment Group

    Fifth Air Force (SW Pacific), 1942-1945 - Australia, New Guinea, Netherlands East Indies, Philippines

    71st Bombardment Squadron

    405th Bombardment Squadron

    822d Bombardment Squadron

    823d Bombardment Squadron

  • Transitioned to A-26 Invader, Sep 1945
  • 345th Bombardment Group

    Fifth Air Force (SW Pacific), 1942-1945 - New Guinea, Netherlands East Indies, Philippines

    498th Bombardment Squadron

    499th Bombardment Squadron

    500th Bombardment Squadron

    501st Bombardment Squadron

  • Inactivated Dec 1945


  • North American B-25H Mitchell

    Specifications (B-25H)

    Data from United States Military Aircraft since 1909[51] Jane's Fighting aircraft of World War II[52]

    General characteristics

    Crew: 5 (one pilot, navigator/bombardier, turret gunner/engineer, radio operator/waist gunner, tail gunner)
    Length: 52 ft 11 in (16.13 m)
    Wingspan: 67 ft 7 in (20.60 m)
    Height: 16 ft 4 in (4.98 m)
    Wing area: 618 sq ft (57.4 m2)
    Airfoil: root: NACA 23017; tip: NACA 4409R[52]
    Empty weight: 19,480 lb (8,836 kg)
    Max takeoff weight: 35,000 lb (15,876 kg)
    Powerplant: 2 × Wright R-2600-92 Twin Cyclone 14-cylinder two-row air-cooled radial piston engines, 1,700 hp (1,300 kW) each

    Performance

    Maximum speed: 272 mph (438 km/h, 236 kn) at 13,000 ft (4,000 m)
    Cruise speed: 230 mph (370 km/h, 200 kn)
    Range: 1,350 mi (2,170 km, 1,170 nmi)
    Service ceiling: 24,200 ft (7,400 m)

    Armament

    Guns: 12–18 × .50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns and 75 mm (2.95 in) T13E1 cannon
    Hardpoints: 2,000 lb (900 kg) ventral shackles to hold one external Mark 13 torpedo[53]
    Rockets: racks for eight 5 in (127 mm) high velocity aircraft rockets (HVAR)
    Bombs: 3,000 lb (1,360 kg) bombs

    Avionics

    not known

     B-25 Mitchell
     

       IL-2 Sturmovik 'Cliff's of Dover' Blitz - has no 3D model

       IL-2 Sturmovik Battle of Normandy

       DCS World - has no 3D model

     

     

     Pandaveswar India Map

     Karachi South Karachi City, Sindh Pakistan Map

     

        Pacific Ocean theater of World War II Citations

    1. Cressman 2000, p. 84.
    2. Potter & Nimitz 1960, p. 717.
    3. Potter & Nimitz 1960, pp. 759–60.
    4. Silverstone 1968, pp. 9–11.
    5. Potter & Nimitz 1960, pp. 651–62.
    6. Kafka & Pepperburg 1946, p. 185.
    7. Potter & Nimitz 1960, p. 751.
    8. Ofstie 1946, p. 194.
    9. Potter & Nimitz 1960, p. 761.
    10. Potter & Nimitz 1960, p. 765.
    11. Potter & Nimitz 1960, p. 770.
    12. Ofstie 1946, p. 275..

        Pacific Ocean theater of World War II Bibliography:

    • Cressman, Robert J. (2000), The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-149-1.
    • Drea, Edward J. (1998), In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army, NB: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-1708-0.
    • Hakim, Joy (1995), A History of Us: War, Peace and All That Jazz, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
    • Kafka, Roger; Pepperburg, Roy L. (1946), Warships of the World, New York: Cornell Maritime Press.
    • Miller, Edward S. (2007), War Plan Orange: The U.S. Strategy to Defeat Japan, 1897–1945, US Naval Institute Press, ISBN 978-1-59114-500-4.
    • Ofstie, Ralph A. (1946). The Campaigns of the Pacific War. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office..
    • Potter, E. B.; Nimitz, Chester W. (1960), Sea Power, Prentice-Hal.
    • Silverstone, Paul H. (1968), U.S. Warships of World War II, Doubleday & Co.
    • Toll, Ian W. (2011). Pacific Crucible: War at Sea in the Pacific, 1941–1942. New York: W. W. Norton.
    • The Conquering Tide: War in the Pacific Islands, 1942–1944. New York: W. W. Norton.
    • Twilight of the Gods: War in the Western Pacific, 1944–1945. New York: W. W. Norton.

        Fifth Air Force Bibliography:

    • Bartsch, William H. Doomed at the Start: American Pursuit Pilots in the Philippines, 1941–1942. Reveille Books, 1995. ISBN 0-89096-679-6.
    • Birdsall, Steve. Flying Buccaneers: The Illustrated History of Kenney's Fifth Air Force. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1977. ISBN 0-385-03218-8.
    • Craven, Wesley F. and James L. Cate. The Army Air Forces in World War II. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948–58.
    • Holmes, Tony. "Twelve to One": V Fighter Command Aces of the Pacific. Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2004. ISBN 1-84176-784-0.
    • Rust, Kenn C. Fifth Air Force Story...in World War II. Temple City, California: Historical Aviation Album, 1973. ISBN 0-911852-75-1.

        Notes on the North American B-25 Mitchell

    1. This number does not include aircraft built after World War II.
    2. The maximum on RAF strength was 517 in December 1944

        Citations on the North American B-25 Mitchell

    1. 'North American B-25B Mitchell.' U.S. Air Force.
    2. United Press, 'Bomber Named For Mitchell', The San Bernardino Daily Sun, San Bernardino, California, Friday 23 January 1942, Volume 48, page 21.
    3. Baugher, Joe. 'North American B-25 Mitchell.' American Military Aircraft: US Bomber Aircraft, 6 March 2000.
    4. Chorlton Aeroplane May 2013, p. 74.
    5. 'T-6/SNJ/HVD Information (Ray) - NATA'. flynata.org.
    6. Parker 2013, pp. 77–79, 83, 88, 92.
    7. Borth 1945, pp. 70, 92, 244.
    8. Herman 2012, pp. 11, 88, 115, 140–143, 263, 297.
    9. Johnson, E. R. (2015). American Military Training Aircraft: Fixed and Rotary-Wing Trainers Since 1916. McFarland. p. 162. ISBN 9780786470945.
    10. Norton 2012, p. 68.
    11. Pace, 2002 p23
    12. Pace 2002, p. 6.
    13. '340th Bomb Group History'. 57thbombwing.com.
    14. Merriam, Ray, ed. 'U. S. Warplanes of World War II.' World War II Journal, No. 15, 1 July 2000, p. 8.
    15. Kinzey 1999, pp. 51, 53.
    16. Yenne 1989, p. 40.
    17. Kinzey 1999, pp. 52–53.
    18. Baugher, Joe. North American B-25H Mitchell.' American Military Aircraft: US Bomber Aircraft, 11 March 2000.
    19. Tallman 1973, pp. 216, 228.
    20. Higham 1975, 8; Higham 1978, 59.
    21. 'A Brief history of the B-25.' Archived 3 March 2015 at the Wayback Machine USAF.com. Accessed: 25 May 2015.
    22. 'Doolittle Park Will Have AF B-25 Bomber'. Playground News (Fort Walton Beach, Florida), Volume 15, Number 7, 10 March 1960, p. 10.
    23. 'B-25 Makes Last Flight During Ceremony at Eglin'. Playground News (Fort Walton Beach, Florida), Volume 15, Number '17' (actually No. 18: Special), 26 May 1960, p. 2.
    24. 'B-25 44-330854.' warbirdregistry.org. Retrieved: 30 December 2009.
    25. 'Closing In: Marines in the Seizure of Iwo Jima (Assault Preparations)'. www.nps.gov.
    26. 'Smash Hits.' Popular Mechanics, March 1947, p. 113.
    27. Skaarup 2009, pp. 333–334.
    28. Walker, R.W.R. 'RCAF 5200 to 5249, Detailed List.' Canadian Military Aircraft Serial Numbers, 25 May 2013.
    29. Hardesty, Von (1982). Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941-1945. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 253. ISBN 0874745101.
    30. Glantz, David (2005). Companion to Colossus Reborn: Key Documents and Statistics. United States of America: University Press of Kansas. p. 148. ISBN 0700613595.
    31. Jowett, Philip (2016). Modern African Wars (5): The Nigerian-Biafran War 1967-70. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Press. p. 18. ISBN 978-1472816092.
    32. Dorr Wings of Fame Volume 3, p. 124.
    33. 'Factsheets: North American B-25.' National Museum of the United States Air Force, 26 June 2009.
    34. 'Factsheets: North American B-25A'. National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, 26 June 2009.
    35. Dorr Wings of Fame Volume 3, pp. 125–126.
    36. 'Factsheets: North American B-25B.' National Museum of the U.S. Air Force, 26 June 2009.
    37. Robison, Tom. 'B-29 in Weather Reconnaissance.' Aerial Weather Reconnaissance Association: Hurricane Hunters.
    38. Gibbins, Scott and Jeffrey Long. 'The History of the Hurricane Hunters.' Archived 12 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine Hurricane Hunters Association.
    39. Drucker, Graham.'North American B-25 Mitchell.' fleetairarmarchive.net.
    40. 'B-25J-30-NC SN 44-31173 'Huaira Bajo''. The B-25 History Project
    41. Chorlton Aeroplane May 2013, p. 85.
    42. Chorlton Aeroplane May 2013, p. 86.
    43. Hagedorn Air Enthusiast May/June 2003, pp. 53–54.
    44. Hagedorn Air Enthusiast May/June 2003, p. 55.
    45. Leeuw, Ruud. 'Cuatro Vientos – Madrid.' ruudleeuw.com.
    46. Hardesty 1991, p. 253.
    47. 'Mitchells: The North American Mitchell in Royal Air Force service.' Aeromilitaria (Air-Britain Historians), Issue 2, 1978, pp. 41–48.
    48. Roberts, William.'ESB News.' Elevator World, March 1996.
    49. Kingwell 2007, p. 12.
    50. Fonton, Mickaël (5 August 2010). 'Les morts mystérieuses : 4. Leclerc, l'énigme du 13e passager'. Valeurs actuelles (in French).
    51. Swanborough and Bowers 1963, p. 359.
    52. Lednicer, David. 'The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage'. m-selig.ae.illinois.edu.
    53. Caiden 1957, p. 176.

        Bibliography on the North American B-25 Mitchell: +

    • Borth, Christy. Masters of Mass Production. Indianapolis, Indiana: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1945.
    • Bridgman, Leonard, ed. 'The North American Mitchell.' Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II. London: Studio, 1946. ISBN 1-85170-493-0.
    • Caidin, Martin. Air Force. New York: Arno Press, 1957.
    • Chorlton, Martyn. 'Database: North American B-25 Mitchell'. Aeroplane, Vol. 41, No. 5, May 2013. pp. 69–86.
    • Dorr, Robert F. 'North American B-25 Variant Briefing'. Wings of Fame, Volume 3, 1996. London: Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034. pp. 118–141.
    • Green, William. Famous Bombers of the Second World War. New York: Doubleday & Company, 1975. ISBN 0-385-12467-8.
    • Hagedorn, Dan. 'Latin Mitchells: North American B-25s in South America, Part One'. Air Enthusiast No. 105, May/June 2003. pp. 52–55. ISSN 0143-5450
    • Hagedorn, Dan. 'Latin Mitchells: North American B-25s in South America, Part Three'. Air Enthusiast Mo. 107, September/October 2003. pp. 36–41. ISSN 0143-5450
    • Hardesty, Von. Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1991, first edition 1982. ISBN 0-87474-510-1.
    • Heller, Joseph. Catch 22. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1961. ISBN 0-684-83339-5.
    • Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II, New York: Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-4.
    • Higham, Roy and Carol Williams, eds. Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol. 1). Andrews AFB, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1975. ISBN 0-8138-0325-X.
    • Higham, Roy and Carol Williams, eds. Flying Combat Aircraft of USAAF-USAF (Vol. 2). Andrews AFB, Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, 1978. ISBN 0-8138-0375-6.
    • Johnsen, Frederick A. North American B-25 Mitchell. Stillwater, Minnesota: Voyageur Press, 1997. ISBN 0-933424-77-9.
    • Kingwell, Mark. Nearest Thing to Heaven: The Empire State Building and American Dreams. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-300-12612-9.
    • Kinzey, Bert. B-25 Mitchell in Detail. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1999. ISBN 1-888974-13-3.
    • Kit, Mister and Jean-Pierre De Cock. North American B-25 Mitchell (in French). Paris, France: Éditions Atlas, 1980.
    • McDowell, Ernest R. B-25 Mitchell in Action (Aircraft number 34). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1978. ISBN 0-89747-033-8.
    • McDowell, Ernest R. North American B-25A/J Mitchell (Aircam No.22). Canterbury, Kent, UK: Osprey Publications Ltd., 1971. ISBN 0-85045-027-6.
    • Mizrahi, J.V. North American B-25: The Full Story of World War II's Classic Medium. Hollywood, California: Challenge Publications Inc., 1965.
    • Norton, Bill. American Bomber Aircraft Development in World War 2. Hersham, Surrey, UK: Midland Publishing, 2012. ISBN 978-1-85780-330-3.
    • Pace, Steve. B-25 Mitchell Units in the MTO. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2002. ISBN 978-1-84176-284-5.
    • Pace, Steve. Warbird History: B-25 Mitchell. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbooks International, 1994. ISBN 0-87938-939-7.
    • Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War II. Cypress, California: Dana Parker Enterprises, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-4.
    • 'Pentagon Over the Islands: The Thirty-Year History of Indonesian Military Aviation'. Air Enthusiast Quarterly (2): 154–162. n.d. ISSN 0143-5450.
    • Powell, Albrecht. 'Mystery in the Mon'. Archived 31 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine 1994
    • Reinhard, Martin A. (January–February 2004). 'Talkback'. Air Enthusiast. No. 109. p. 74. ISSN 0143-5450.
    • Scutts, Jerry. B-25 Mitchell at War. London: Ian Allan, 1983. ISBN 0-7110-1219-9.
    • Scutts, Jerry. North American B-25 Mitchell. Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2001. ISBN 1-86126-394-5.
    • Skaarup, Harold A. Canadian Warplanes. Bloomington, Indiana: IUniverse, 2009. ISBN 978-1-4401-6758-4.
    • Swanborough, F.G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military Aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963.
    • Swanborough, Gordon. North American, An Aircraft Album No. 6. New York: Arco Publishing Company Inc., 1973. ISBN 0-668-03318-5.
    • Tallman, Frank. Flying the Old Planes. New York: Doubleday and Company, 1973. ISBN 978-0-385-09157-2.
    • Vernon, Jerry (Winter 1993). 'Talkback'. Air Enthusiast. No. 52. pp. 78–79. ISSN 0143-5450.
    • Wolf, William. North American B-25 Mitchell, The Ultimate Look: from Drawing Board to Flying Arsenal. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing, 2008. ISBN 978-0-7643-2930-2.
    • Yenne, Bill. Rockwell: The Heritage of North American. New York: Crescent Books, 1989. ISBN 0-517-67252-9.

        Web References on the North American B-25 Mitchell: +

    • 13th Bombardment Squadron http://www.3rdattackgroup.org/13th.php
    • Wikipedia.org - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell
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    This webpage was updated 1st February 2025

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